13 May
Construction

WHAT TO KNOW WHEN CHOOSING BETWEEN PORCELAIN & CERAMIC TILES


Ceramic and porcelain tiles are both popular choices for flooring, walls, and other applications in residential and commercial spaces. While they may look similar, there are some differences between the two materials.

  1. Composition: Ceramic tiles are made from a mixture of clay, water, and other minerals, while porcelain tiles are made from a mixture of fine-grain clays and other minerals.
  2. Durability: Porcelain tiles are denser and harder than ceramic tiles, which makes them more durable and resistant to scratches, stains, and chipping.
  3. Water absorption: Porcelain tiles have a lower water absorption rate than ceramic tiles, which means they are more resistant to water damage and staining.
  4. Cost: Porcelain tiles are generally more expensive than ceramic tiles because they are harder and more durable.
  5. Installation: Porcelain tiles are heavier and more difficult to cut than ceramic tiles, which can make them more difficult to install.
  6. Style: Both ceramic and porcelain tiles come in a wide variety of styles, colors, and patterns, but porcelain tiles can be made to look like natural stone or wood more convincingly.

Overall, porcelain tiles are more durable and water-resistant than ceramic tiles, but they are also more expensive and can be more difficult to install. The choice between the two materials ultimately depends on the specific needs and preferences of the homeowner or designer.

Ceramic tiles are a popular flooring and wall covering option in both residential and commercial spaces. These tiles are made from a mixture of clay, water, and other minerals, which is molded into a specific shape and then fired at a high temperature in a kiln. Ceramic tiles come in a wide range of sizes, shapes, colors, and patterns, making them a versatile and customizable option for any space.

One of the key benefits of ceramic tiles is their durability. Ceramic tiles are resistant to scratches, stains, and wear, making them an ideal choice for high-traffic areas. They are also water-resistant, which makes them a great option for bathrooms, kitchens, and other areas that are prone to moisture. Ceramic tiles are also resistant to fading and discoloration, which means that they will maintain their color and appearance over time.

Another advantage of ceramic tiles is their low maintenance requirements. Ceramic tiles are easy to clean and require minimal upkeep. They can be swept or vacuumed to remove dirt and debris, and can be mopped with water and mild detergent to remove stains and spills. Unlike other flooring options, ceramic tiles do not require waxing or sealing, which saves time and money in maintenance costs.

Ceramic tiles also offer a wide range of design options. They come in a variety of colors, patterns, and textures, which can be combined to create unique and visually appealing designs. Ceramic tiles can also be used to mimic the look of natural materials such as wood, stone, and marble, providing a cost-effective alternative to these high-end materials.

Finally, ceramic tiles are an eco-friendly choice. They are made from natural materials and can be recycled at the end of their lifespan. Ceramic tiles are also energy-efficient, as they help to regulate the temperature of a room by retaining heat in the winter and keeping rooms cool in the summer.

In conclusion, ceramic tiles are a versatile, durable, low-maintenance, and eco-friendly option for flooring and wall coverings. With a wide range of design options and the ability to mimic the look of natural materials, ceramic tiles can enhance the aesthetic appeal of any space. Whether you are designing a residential or commercial space, ceramic tiles are a practical and cost-effective option that can stand the test of time.


Porcelain tiles are a type of ceramic tile that is made from a specific type of clay called kaolin, which is fired at a higher temperature than traditional ceramic tiles. This results in a denser, harder, and more durable tile that is highly resistant to moisture, stains, scratches, and wear.

One of the key advantages of porcelain tiles is their water resistance. Porcelain tiles have a low water absorption rate, which makes them highly resistant to water damage. This makes them a great option for use in high-moisture areas such as bathrooms, kitchens, and laundry rooms.

Another advantage of porcelain tiles is their durability. Porcelain tiles are harder and denser than traditional ceramic tiles, which makes them more resistant to scratches, chips, and other types of damage. This makes them a great choice for high-traffic areas such as entryways, hallways, and commercial spaces.

Porcelain tiles also come in a wide variety of styles and designs. They can be made to look like natural stone, wood, or other materials, which makes them a versatile option for any design aesthetic. Porcelain tiles can also be glazed or left unglazed, which affects their slip resistance and overall appearance.

Maintenance of porcelain tiles is relatively easy. They are resistant to stains and require only basic cleaning with a damp mop or cloth. Because they are non-porous, they do not require sealing or waxing, which reduces maintenance costs and time.

Finally, porcelain tiles are an eco-friendly option. They are made from natural materials and can be recycled at the end of their life. They are also energy-efficient, as they can help to regulate the temperature of a room by retaining heat in the winter and keeping rooms cool in the summer.

In conclusion, porcelain tiles are a highly durable, water-resistant, and versatile option for flooring and wall coverings. With a wide range of styles and designs, they can enhance the aesthetic appeal of any space while requiring minimal maintenance. Whether you are designing a residential or commercial space, porcelain tiles are a practical and cost-effective option that can withstand the test of time.

12 May
Construction

WHY KENYAN CEMENT IS THE BEST IN THE WORLD

The primary raw materials used in cement production in Kenya include limestone, clay, gypsum, and pozzolana.

  1. Limestone: Limestone is the main raw material used in the production of cement in Kenya. It is mined from quarries in various parts of the country, including the coastal region, Rift Valley, and western Kenya. Limestone is crushed and mixed with other raw materials to form the raw mix.
  2. Clay: Clay is another important raw material used in cement production in Kenya. It is mined from deposits in various parts of the country and is used to supplement the limestone in the raw mix.
  3. Gypsum: Gypsum is a mineral that is added to the raw mix in small quantities to regulate the setting time of cement. It is sourced from deposits in various parts of the country.
  4. Pozzolana: Pozzolana is a volcanic rock that is used as a substitute for some of the cement in the raw mix. It is sourced from deposits in various parts of the country, including the Rift Valley.

These raw materials are readily available in Kenya, and the country has a thriving cement industry that produces high-quality cement products for both the local and export markets.

There are several cement manufacturing areas in Kenya where cement factories are located. Some of these areas include:

  1. Athi River: Athi River is located in Machakos County, southeast of Nairobi. This area is home to several cement factories, including Athi River Mining (ARM) Cement, Bamburi Cement, and East African Portland Cement Company.
  2. Kitengela: Kitengela is located in Kajiado County, south of Nairobi. This area is home to the National Cement Company, which produces the Simba Cement brand.
  3. Tanga: Tanga is located in Tanzania, near the border with Kenya. This area is home to several cement factories, including Rhino Cement and Tanga Cement Company.
  4. Nakuru: Nakuru is located in the Rift Valley region of Kenya. This area is home to the Mombasa Cement factory, which produces the Nyumba Cement brand.
  5. Kajiado: Kajiado is located in Kajiado County, south of Nairobi. This area is home to the Savannah Cement factory, which produces the Savannah Cement brand.

Overall, these cement manufacturing areas are strategically located in Kenya and Tanzania to ensure that cement products are easily accessible to consumers in various parts of the country and the region.

Kenyan cement is the best in the world, quality of cement can vary depending on several factors, including the raw materials used, the manufacturing process, and the quality control measures in place. However, the cement industry in Kenya has made significant strides in recent years, and Kenyan cement is widely regarded as a high-quality product for several reasons:

  1. Use of high-quality raw materials: The cement industry in Kenya uses high-quality raw materials, including limestone, clay, gypsum, and pozzolana. These raw materials are carefully selected and processed to ensure that they meet the necessary quality standards.
  2. Modern manufacturing processes: Many cement factories in Kenya have adopted modern manufacturing processes that enable them to produce high-quality cement products efficiently. This includes the use of advanced equipment and technology for grinding, blending, and packaging cement.
  3. Quality control measures: The cement industry in Kenya has put in place rigorous quality control measures to ensure that the cement products meet the necessary standards. This includes regular testing of raw materials and finished products to ensure that they meet the required strength, durability, and consistency.
  4. Availability of skilled labor: Kenya has a pool of skilled labor in the cement industry, including engineers, technicians, and other professionals who are well-trained in cement manufacturing processes.

Overall, the Kenyan cement industry has made significant progress in producing high-quality cement products, and this has contributed to its growing reputation as a producer of quality cement products.

12 May
Construction

KENYA; A MAJOR EXPORTER OF CEMENT

Kenya is a major exporter of cement, and there are several reasons for this:

  1. Strategic location: Kenya is strategically located in East Africa, with easy access to many landlocked countries in the region. As a result, it has become a major hub for cement exports to neighboring countries such as Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
  2. Growing demand: The demand for cement in East Africa has been growing rapidly due to the region’s increasing population and urbanization. Kenya’s cement industry has been able to capitalize on this trend and has expanded its production capacity to meet the growing demand for cement both domestically and in the region.
  3. Efficient production: Kenya’s cement industry has invested heavily in modern technology and equipment, which has helped to increase efficiency and reduce production costs. This has made Kenyan cement more competitive in the regional market.
  4. Government support: The Kenyan government has provided support to the cement industry through various incentives, including tax breaks and subsidies. This has helped to stimulate investment and growth in the industry.
  5. Availability of raw materials: Kenya has abundant deposits of limestone, the main raw material used in cement production. This has made it easier and more cost-effective for cement manufacturers to source their raw materials locally, reducing the need to import expensive raw materials from other countries.

Overall, Kenya’s cement industry has been able to capitalize on its strategic location, growing demand, efficient production, government support, and availability of raw materials to become a major exporter of cement in the East African region.

There are several cement companies operating in Kenya. Some of the major cement companies in Kenya include:

  1. Bamburi Cement: Bamburi Cement is the largest cement company in Kenya and one of the largest in the East African region. It was founded in 1951 and is headquartered in Nairobi. Bamburi Cement produces a range of cement products, including Portland cement, Pozzolanic cement, and ready-mix concrete.
  2. ARM Cement: ARM Cement is another major cement company in Kenya, with operations in Kenya and Tanzania. It was founded in 1974 and is headquartered in Nairobi. ARM Cement produces a range of cement products, including Portland cement, clinker, and quicklime.
  3. National Cement Company: National Cement Company is a Kenyan cement manufacturer that produces the Simba Cement brand. It was founded in 2008 and is headquartered in Nairobi. National Cement Company produces a range of cement products, including Portland cement, clinker, and ready-mix concrete.
  4. Savannah Cement: Savannah Cement is a Kenyan cement manufacturer that produces the Savannah Cement brand. It was founded in 2012 and is headquartered in Athi River, near Nairobi. Savannah Cement produces a range of cement products, including Portland cement, clinker, and ready-mix concrete.
  5. East African Portland Cement Company: East African Portland Cement Company is a Kenyan cement manufacturer that was founded in 1933 and is headquartered in Athi River, near Nairobi. It produces a range of cement products, including Portland cement, clinker, and ready-mix concrete.

There are several cement brands in Kenya that are produced by various cement manufacturers. Some of the popular cement brands in Kenya include:

  1. Bamburi Cement: Bamburi Cement produces several cement brands in Kenya, including Bamburi Cement, Powermax Cement, and Nguvu Cement.
  2. National Cement Company: National Cement Company produces the Simba Cement brand in Kenya.
  3. Rhino Cement: Rhino Cement is a popular cement brand in Kenya that is produced by Athi River Mining (ARM) Cement.
  4. Savannah Cement: Savannah Cement produces the Savannah Cement brand in Kenya.
  5. East African Portland Cement Company: East African Portland Cement Company produces several cement brands in Kenya, including Blue Triangle Cement and Nguvu Cement.
  6. Mombasa Cement: Mombasa Cement produces the Nyumba Cement brand in Kenya.
12 May
Construction

BRAZIL SUGAR

Brazil is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of sugar due to several factors:

  1. Favorable climate: Brazil’s tropical climate and abundant rainfall provide ideal conditions for growing sugarcane, the primary source of sugar.
  2. Large-scale production: Brazil has a highly developed sugarcane industry, with large-scale production facilities that utilize modern technology and farming practices to maximize yields.
  3. Government support: The Brazilian government has historically provided support to the sugar industry through subsidies and other incentives, which has helped to make it one of the country’s leading export industries.
  4. Competitive pricing: Due to its efficient production methods and favorable growing conditions, Brazil is able to offer sugar at competitive prices on the global market, which has made it a popular choice for buyers around the world.
  5. Strong demand: Sugar is a widely used commodity around the world, with demand for it driven by the food and beverage industry. As a result, there is always a strong global demand for sugar, which has helped to make Brazil’s sugar exports a lucrative industry.

Brazil’s favorable growing conditions, efficient production methods, government support, and strong global demand have made it one of the world’s leading producers and exporters of sugar.


Brazil is one of the largest producers and exporters of sugar in the world, and its sugar is often considered to be relatively cheap compared to sugar from other countries. There are several factors that contribute to the low cost of Brazilian sugar:

  1. Economies of scale: The Brazilian sugarcane industry is highly developed and operates on a large scale, with modern, efficient production facilities. This allows for lower production costs per unit of sugar compared to smaller, less efficient operations in other countries.
  2. Favorable climate: Brazil’s tropical climate and abundant rainfall provide ideal growing conditions for sugarcane, resulting in high yields and low production costs.
  3. Government support: The Brazilian government has historically provided support to the sugar industry through subsidies and other incentives, which helps to keep production costs low.
  4. Currency exchange rates: Brazil’s currency, the Real, has historically been weaker than other major currencies, such as the US dollar, which makes Brazilian sugar relatively cheaper on the global market.
  5. Competition: The global sugar market is highly competitive, with many countries vying for market share. As a result, Brazilian sugar producers are often forced to keep prices low in order to remain competitive.

Overall, the combination of favorable growing conditions, efficient production methods, government support, currency exchange rates, and competition has helped to keep the cost of Brazilian sugar relatively low compared to sugar from other countries.

12 May
Construction

HISTORY OF TOILETS

The invention of toilets dates back thousands of years, with the earliest known toilets dating back to ancient civilizations such as the Indus Valley civilization and ancient Egypt. These early toilets were often simple pits or holes in the ground, with some featuring basic plumbing systems to transport waste away from populated areas.

However, the modern flushing toilet as we know it today was invented in the 19th century by English inventor Sir John Harrington. He designed and built the first flushing toilet, which he called the “Ajax,” in 1596. The Ajax used a water closet and a valve system to flush waste away and was considered a luxury item at the time.

It wasn’t until the mid-1800s that flushing toilets became more widespread, with several inventors and companies developing their own designs. In 1852, American inventor J.F. Brondel created the first flush toilet with a built-in trap to prevent odors and gases from escaping. In 1870, Thomas Crapper, a plumber in London, developed and popularized the “valve and siphon” design that is still used in many modern toilets today.

Since then, toilets have continued to evolve and improve, with new technologies such as dual-flush systems, low-flow toilets, and composting toilets being developed to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact. Today, toilets are a ubiquitous fixture in modern society and are considered an essential part of basic sanitation and hygiene.

12 May
Construction

Angles and bars (Steel) CONSTRUCTION

Angles and bars are two common types of steel profiles that are commonly used in construction. They are used for a variety of purposes, including structural support, reinforcement, and finishing work.

Angles, also known as L-shaped profiles, are commonly used for structural support in buildings. They are typically used in conjunction with other structural elements such as beams and columns to provide additional stability and strength to the building. Angles can also be used as braces or ties to prevent lateral movement in a structure.

Bars, also known as round bars or steel rods, are typically used for reinforcement in concrete structures such as foundations, columns, and walls. They provide additional strength and durability to the structure and help to prevent cracking and damage from external forces. Bars are also commonly used in the construction of fences, railings, and other finishing work.

Both angles and bars can be made from different types of steel, such as carbon steel or stainless steel, depending on the specific application and requirements of the construction project. They can also be fabricated in different sizes and lengths to meet the specific needs of the project.

Overall, angles and bars are versatile and commonly used building materials that provide strength, durability, and stability to construction projects.